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Abstract
A method to design the contour and conception of a plug nozzle of arbitrary shape, but specified exit flow conditions is presented. Severals shapes can be obtained for exit Mach number by changing the specific heats ratio. The characteristics of the nozzle in terms of length, weight and pressure force exerted on the wall are compared to the Minimum Length Nozzle and found to be better. Our field of study is limited to the supersonic mode to not to have the dissociation of the molecules. The design method is based on the use of the Prandtl Meyer function of a perfect gas. The flow is not axial at the throat, which may be advantageous for many propulsion applications. The performance benefits of the plug nozzle compared to the Minimum Length Nozzle are also presented.
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References
- Shapiro, A. H., "Compressible Fluid Flow", Vol.1, New York, the Ronald Press, 1953.
- Hill, P. G. and Peterson, C.R., "Mechanical and Thermodynamics of Propulsion", Addition-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., New York, 1965.
- Anderson, J.D. Jr., "Modern Compressible Flow. With Historical Perspective"," 2nd edition, McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York, 1982.
- Anderson, J.D. Jr., "Fundamentals of Aerodynamics", 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1988.
- Rao, G.V.R., "Recent Developments in Rocket Nozzle Configuration", ARS Journal, November, 1961, pp.1488-1494.
- Michael, F. and Robert, H., "Performance Aspects of Plug Cluster Nozzles", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1996, pp.507-512.
- Rommel, T., Hagemann, G., Schley, C. A., Kruelle, G. and Manski, D., "Plug Nozzle Flowfield Analysis", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.13, No. 5, 1997, pp.629-634.
- Francesco, N. and Marcello, O., "Methodology to Solve Flowfields of Plug Nozzles for Future Launchers", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.14, No.3, 1998, pp.318-326.
- Gerald, H., Hans, I., Thong, V.N. and Gennady, E. D., "Advanced Rocket Nozzles", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 14, No. 5, 1998, pp. 620-634.
- Francesco, N. and Marcello, O., "Theoretical Analysis and Engineering Modeling of Flow-fields in Clustered Module Plug Nozzles", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.15, No.4, 1999, pp.544-551.
- Korte, J. J., Salas, A. O., Dunn, H. J., Alexandrov, N. M., Follett, W.W., Orient, G. E. and Hadid, A. H., "Multidisciplinary Approach to Linear Aerospike Nozzle Design," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.17, No. 1, 2001, pp.93-98.
- Kraiko, A. N., Tillyayeva, N. I. and Baftalovskii, S. V , "Optimal Design of Plug Nozzles and Their Thrust Determination at Start", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1347-1352.
- Takashi, I., Fujii, K. and Hayashi, A. K., "Computations of Axisymmetric Plug-Nozzle Flow-fields: Flow Structures and Thrust Performance," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.18, No. 2, 2002, pp. 254- 260.
- Menko, E. N. W. and Willem, J. B., "Trailing-Edge Cavity Afterbodies for Linear Plug Nozzle Engines", AIAA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1715-1721.
- Hagemann, G., Immich, H. and Terhardt, M., "Flow Phenomena in Advanced Rocket Nozzles - The Plug Nozzle", AIAA-1998-3522, 34th AIAA / ASME/ SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland, Ohio, July 13-15, 1998.
- Marsilio, R., "Numerical Simulations for Plug Noz- zle Flow-field," AIAA-2001-670, 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan. 8-11, 2001.
- Zebbiche,T., "Supersonic Plug Nozzle Design", AIAA-2005-4490, 41th AIAA/ASME /SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Arizona, July 10-13, 2005.
- Onofri, M., "CFD Results of Plug Nozzle Test Cases", AIAA-2002-4036, 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE /ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, In- dianapolis, Indiana, July 7-10, 2002.
- Wisse, M., van Oudheusden, B. and Bannink, W., "Analytical Optimisation of an Inviscid Flow Linear Plug Nozzle Boattail," AIAA-2004-4017, 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Confer- ence and Exhibit, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, July 11- 14, 2004.
- Greer, H., "Rapid Method for Plug Nozzle Design," ARS Journal, April 1961, pp. 560-561.
- Angelino, G., "Approximate Method for Plug Nozzle Design," AIAA Journal, Vol.2, N 10, 1964, pp. 1834- 1835.
References
Shapiro, A. H., "Compressible Fluid Flow", Vol.1, New York, the Ronald Press, 1953.
Hill, P. G. and Peterson, C.R., "Mechanical and Thermodynamics of Propulsion", Addition-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., New York, 1965.
Anderson, J.D. Jr., "Modern Compressible Flow. With Historical Perspective"," 2nd edition, McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York, 1982.
Anderson, J.D. Jr., "Fundamentals of Aerodynamics", 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1988.
Rao, G.V.R., "Recent Developments in Rocket Nozzle Configuration", ARS Journal, November, 1961, pp.1488-1494.
Michael, F. and Robert, H., "Performance Aspects of Plug Cluster Nozzles", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1996, pp.507-512.
Rommel, T., Hagemann, G., Schley, C. A., Kruelle, G. and Manski, D., "Plug Nozzle Flowfield Analysis", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.13, No. 5, 1997, pp.629-634.
Francesco, N. and Marcello, O., "Methodology to Solve Flowfields of Plug Nozzles for Future Launchers", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.14, No.3, 1998, pp.318-326.
Gerald, H., Hans, I., Thong, V.N. and Gennady, E. D., "Advanced Rocket Nozzles", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 14, No. 5, 1998, pp. 620-634.
Francesco, N. and Marcello, O., "Theoretical Analysis and Engineering Modeling of Flow-fields in Clustered Module Plug Nozzles", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.15, No.4, 1999, pp.544-551.
Korte, J. J., Salas, A. O., Dunn, H. J., Alexandrov, N. M., Follett, W.W., Orient, G. E. and Hadid, A. H., "Multidisciplinary Approach to Linear Aerospike Nozzle Design," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.17, No. 1, 2001, pp.93-98.
Kraiko, A. N., Tillyayeva, N. I. and Baftalovskii, S. V , "Optimal Design of Plug Nozzles and Their Thrust Determination at Start", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1347-1352.
Takashi, I., Fujii, K. and Hayashi, A. K., "Computations of Axisymmetric Plug-Nozzle Flow-fields: Flow Structures and Thrust Performance," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.18, No. 2, 2002, pp. 254- 260.
Menko, E. N. W. and Willem, J. B., "Trailing-Edge Cavity Afterbodies for Linear Plug Nozzle Engines", AIAA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1715-1721.
Hagemann, G., Immich, H. and Terhardt, M., "Flow Phenomena in Advanced Rocket Nozzles - The Plug Nozzle", AIAA-1998-3522, 34th AIAA / ASME/ SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland, Ohio, July 13-15, 1998.
Marsilio, R., "Numerical Simulations for Plug Noz- zle Flow-field," AIAA-2001-670, 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan. 8-11, 2001.
Zebbiche,T., "Supersonic Plug Nozzle Design", AIAA-2005-4490, 41th AIAA/ASME /SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Arizona, July 10-13, 2005.
Onofri, M., "CFD Results of Plug Nozzle Test Cases", AIAA-2002-4036, 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE /ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, In- dianapolis, Indiana, July 7-10, 2002.
Wisse, M., van Oudheusden, B. and Bannink, W., "Analytical Optimisation of an Inviscid Flow Linear Plug Nozzle Boattail," AIAA-2004-4017, 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Confer- ence and Exhibit, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, July 11- 14, 2004.
Greer, H., "Rapid Method for Plug Nozzle Design," ARS Journal, April 1961, pp. 560-561.
Angelino, G., "Approximate Method for Plug Nozzle Design," AIAA Journal, Vol.2, N 10, 1964, pp. 1834- 1835.