Main Article Content
Abstract
Communication receivers perform three major functions, frequency down conversion, IF demodulation and subcarrier demodulation. The functioning of a receiver is mainly controlled by input signal strength and relative dynamics. Signal strength is measured in terms of Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) and Carrier to Noise power density (C/No). Any measure of signal strength indirectly gives information about receiver performance for that period. Apart from this, SNR measurement in close loop with Phase Locked Loop (PLL) parameter forms the adaptive PLL system, which is one of the driving forces for this paper. The focus of this paper is to find suitable signal strength measurement techniques and their implementation for satellite communication systems. Signal to Noise Variance method (SNV) and Narrow band Wide band Power Ratio (NWPR) methods are considered based on the performance and realization aspects. All techniques require division, logarithm, and multiplication functions for their realization in hardware. CO-ordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm is considered for realizing logarithm function. A comparison study is done for developed algorithm with Intellectual Property (IP) core. Developed SNR techniques are simulated for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demodulator system and performance is evaluated for Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The paper describes the FPGA design and simulations of these techniques. Developed design is targeted to commercial and space qualified FPGA platforms. FPGA implementations results are compared with system level simulation results, and both are found to be satisfactory. Application of developed system in adaptive BPSK demodulator is also presented.
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References
- Spilker, J.J., Digital Communication by Satellite, Belmont CA, Prientice Hall Inc, 1977.
- Ulrich L. Rohde., "Digital PLL Frequency Synthesizer : Theory and Design", Printice Hall Inc ,1983.
- Behzad Razavi., "A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.31, No.3, March 1996, pp.331-343.
- Peter Heymann and Matthias Rudolph., "Phase Noise in A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits and Measurement", IEEE, 2022, pp.359375. doi: 10.1002/9781119859390.ch20
- Legrand, F., Macabiau, C., Issler, J.L., Lestarquit, L. and Mehlen, C., "Improvement of Pseudorange Measurements Accuracy by Using Fast Adaptive Bandwidth Lock Loops, ION GPS 2000" 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, USA, 2000.
- Legrand, F. and Macabiau, C., "Results of the Implementation of the Fast Adaptive Bandwidth Lock Loops on a Real GPS Receiver in a High Dynamics Context", GNSS 2001, International Conference on Global Navigation Satellite System, Sevilla, Spain, 2001.
- Luo, Z. B., Ding, J. C. and Zhao, L., "Adaptive Gain Control Method of a Phase Locked Loop for GNSS Carrier Tracking Signal", International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Volume, 2018.
- Brad Badke., "Carrier-to-Noise Density and AI for INS/GPS Integration", Inside GNSS, SeptemberOctober, 2009.
- Groves, P. D., "GPS Signal-to-Noise Measurement in Weak Signal and High-Interference Environments", Navigation, Vol.52, No.2, 2005, pp.83-94.
- Falletti, E., Pini, M. and Presti, L. L., "Low Complexity Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Estimators for GNSS Digital Receivers", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.47, No.1, January 2011, pp.420-437. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2011.5705684
- www.amd.com
- www.microsemi.com
- Volder, J. E., "The CORDIC Trigonometric Computing Technique", IRE Trans. Electronic Computers 3, 1959, pp.330-334.
- Boudabous, A., Ghozzi, F., Kharrat, M. W. and Masmoudi, N., "Implementation Hyperbolic Function Using CORDIC Algorithm", Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Microelectronics, ICM2004, Tunis, Tunisia, 2004, pp.738-741. doi: 10.1109/ICM.2004.1434772
- Satish Sharma., Sunil Kulakrni and Lakshiminarsimhan, P., "Implementation and Application of CORDIC Algorithm in Satellite Communication", 15th National Conference on Communication, January 2009, Guwahati, India.
- Javier Valls., Trini Sansaloni and Pascual, A. P., "The Use of CORDIC in Software Defined Radios: A Tutorial", IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2006, pp.46-50.
- Pauluzzi, D. R. and Beaulieu, N. C., "A Comparison of SNR Estimation Techniques for the AWGN Channel", IEEE Transactions on Communications, 48, 10, October 2000, pp.1681-1691.
- Li, B., DiFazio, R. and Zeira, A., "A Low Bias Algorithm to Estimate Negative SNRs in an AWGN Channel", IEEE Communications Letters, 6, 11, November 2002, pp.469-471.
- Beaulieu, N. C., Toms, A. S. and Pauluzzi, D. R., "Comparison of Four SNR Estimators for QPSK Modulations", IEEE Communications Letters, 4, 2, February 2000, pp.43-45.
- Van Dierendonck, A. J., "GPS receivers", B. W. Parkinson, J. J. Spilker, P. Axelrad, and P. Enge (Editors.), "Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications", Vol.1, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996.
- Balaei, A. T., Dempster, A. G. and Barnes, J., "A Novel Approach in Detection and Characterization of CW Interference of GPS Signal Using Receiver Estimation of C/No", IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium, 2006, Coronado, CA, USA, pp.1120-1126. doi: 10.1109/PLANS.2006.1650719
- Hu, X., Harber, R. G. and Bass, S. C., "Expanding the Range of Convergence of the CORDIC Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol.40, No.1, January 1991, pp.13-21. doi: 10.1109/12.67316
- Kwak, J. H., Choi, J. H. and Swartzlander, E. E., "High-Speed CORDIC Based on an Overlapped Architecture and a Novel s-Prediction Method", The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing-Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology", 25, 2000, pp.167-177. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008123124150
- Jeff Feigin., "Practical COSTAS Loop Design", RF Signal Processing, January 2022, pp.22-36.
References
Spilker, J.J., Digital Communication by Satellite, Belmont CA, Prientice Hall Inc, 1977.
Ulrich L. Rohde., "Digital PLL Frequency Synthesizer : Theory and Design", Printice Hall Inc ,1983.
Behzad Razavi., "A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.31, No.3, March 1996, pp.331-343.
Peter Heymann and Matthias Rudolph., "Phase Noise in A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits and Measurement", IEEE, 2022, pp.359375. doi: 10.1002/9781119859390.ch20
Legrand, F., Macabiau, C., Issler, J.L., Lestarquit, L. and Mehlen, C., "Improvement of Pseudorange Measurements Accuracy by Using Fast Adaptive Bandwidth Lock Loops, ION GPS 2000" 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, USA, 2000.
Legrand, F. and Macabiau, C., "Results of the Implementation of the Fast Adaptive Bandwidth Lock Loops on a Real GPS Receiver in a High Dynamics Context", GNSS 2001, International Conference on Global Navigation Satellite System, Sevilla, Spain, 2001.
Luo, Z. B., Ding, J. C. and Zhao, L., "Adaptive Gain Control Method of a Phase Locked Loop for GNSS Carrier Tracking Signal", International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Volume, 2018.
Brad Badke., "Carrier-to-Noise Density and AI for INS/GPS Integration", Inside GNSS, SeptemberOctober, 2009.
Groves, P. D., "GPS Signal-to-Noise Measurement in Weak Signal and High-Interference Environments", Navigation, Vol.52, No.2, 2005, pp.83-94.
Falletti, E., Pini, M. and Presti, L. L., "Low Complexity Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Estimators for GNSS Digital Receivers", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.47, No.1, January 2011, pp.420-437. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2011.5705684
www.amd.com
www.microsemi.com
Volder, J. E., "The CORDIC Trigonometric Computing Technique", IRE Trans. Electronic Computers 3, 1959, pp.330-334.
Boudabous, A., Ghozzi, F., Kharrat, M. W. and Masmoudi, N., "Implementation Hyperbolic Function Using CORDIC Algorithm", Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Microelectronics, ICM2004, Tunis, Tunisia, 2004, pp.738-741. doi: 10.1109/ICM.2004.1434772
Satish Sharma., Sunil Kulakrni and Lakshiminarsimhan, P., "Implementation and Application of CORDIC Algorithm in Satellite Communication", 15th National Conference on Communication, January 2009, Guwahati, India.
Javier Valls., Trini Sansaloni and Pascual, A. P., "The Use of CORDIC in Software Defined Radios: A Tutorial", IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2006, pp.46-50.
Pauluzzi, D. R. and Beaulieu, N. C., "A Comparison of SNR Estimation Techniques for the AWGN Channel", IEEE Transactions on Communications, 48, 10, October 2000, pp.1681-1691.
Li, B., DiFazio, R. and Zeira, A., "A Low Bias Algorithm to Estimate Negative SNRs in an AWGN Channel", IEEE Communications Letters, 6, 11, November 2002, pp.469-471.
Beaulieu, N. C., Toms, A. S. and Pauluzzi, D. R., "Comparison of Four SNR Estimators for QPSK Modulations", IEEE Communications Letters, 4, 2, February 2000, pp.43-45.
Van Dierendonck, A. J., "GPS receivers", B. W. Parkinson, J. J. Spilker, P. Axelrad, and P. Enge (Editors.), "Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications", Vol.1, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996.
Balaei, A. T., Dempster, A. G. and Barnes, J., "A Novel Approach in Detection and Characterization of CW Interference of GPS Signal Using Receiver Estimation of C/No", IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium, 2006, Coronado, CA, USA, pp.1120-1126. doi: 10.1109/PLANS.2006.1650719
Hu, X., Harber, R. G. and Bass, S. C., "Expanding the Range of Convergence of the CORDIC Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol.40, No.1, January 1991, pp.13-21. doi: 10.1109/12.67316
Kwak, J. H., Choi, J. H. and Swartzlander, E. E., "High-Speed CORDIC Based on an Overlapped Architecture and a Novel s-Prediction Method", The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing-Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology", 25, 2000, pp.167-177. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008123124150
Jeff Feigin., "Practical COSTAS Loop Design", RF Signal Processing, January 2022, pp.22-36.