Main Article Content
Abstract
Worldwide, both in the Civil and Military Aircraft Industry, there is an increasing usage of
composites due to the inherent advantages they offer. However, even today, the total potential
of composites has not been realized as the designers are still conservative. Also, cost has
become a very important factor especially for civil aircraft. In order to realize the full potential
of these materials, extensive research is being conducted in several areas that include design,
newer, faster and cost effective approaches to manufacturing, better understanding of damage
tolerance and associated failure theories, crashworthiness behavior and the like. Structural
Health monitoring has progressed significantly and could play a major role in the reduction
of maintenance costs and prevention of catastrophic failures. This paper makes an effort to
address the options, challenges and issues that are confronting the composite industry today.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Backman, B.F., "Compisite Structures, Design, Safety and Innovation", Elsevier 2005.
- Liyong Tong., Adrian P. Mouritz and Michael K. Bannister., "3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites", Elsevier, 2002.
- Dorey G., "Damage Tolerance and Damaged Assessment in Advanced Composites, in Advanced Composites", Ed. Partridge, K., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Chapter 11, 1989.
- Caprino G., "Residual Strength Predicted in Impacted CFRP Laminates", J. Comp. Mat., 18508-518, 1984.
- Billaut F and Roussel, O., "Impact Resistance of 3-D Graphite/epoxy Composites", Proceddings of the 11th International Conference on Comp. Mat., Vol.5, Ed. A. Pourartip and K. Street Whistler, BC, Canada, 14-18 August 1995, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, pp.551-558.
- Guenon V.A., Chou, T. -W and Gillespie, J.W., "Toughness Properties of a Three Dimensional Carbon- epoxy Composite", J. Mat Sci., 24:4168-4175, 1989.
- Liu, C.H., Byan, J and Chou, T. -W., "Mode I1 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Three-dimensional Textile Structural Composites", Proceedings of the Fourth Japan-US Conference on Composite Materials, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA, 98 1-990, 1989.
- Arendts, F. J., Drechler, K and Brandt, J., "Advanced Textile Structural Composites - Status and Outlook", Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials, Ed. T.Chandra and A.K. Dhingra, 409-416, 1993.
- John Arthur Jones Vinchery., "Reinforcement of Composite Aircraft Structures Using Tufting", M.Sc Thesis, 2006-07, Cranfield University.
- Cartié, D. D. R., Dell’anno, G., Poulin. E. and Partridge, I. K., "3D Reinforcement of Stiffener-to-skin T-joints by Zpinnig and Tufting", Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol.73, pp.2532-3540, 2006.
- Chang, C and Young, W., "Experimental Investigation on Blade-stiffener-to-skin Fibre Stitching", AIAA Journal, Vol.34, Issue 9, pp.1664-1666, 1995.
- NationaalLucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium NLR, Netherlands, NLR Annual Report, 2009.
- AUTOW: Automated Preform Fabrication by Dry Tow Placement - NLR, January, 2009.
- Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) - Part 25, "Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes", Available online.
- FAA Advisory Circular 20-107A, Composite Aircraft Structure, 1984.
- FAA Advisory Circular 25.571-1 (Revision C), Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation of Structure, 1998.
- Composite Materials Handbook, MIL-HDBK-17- 3F, Vol.3, "Polymer Matrix Composites Materials usage, Design and Analysis", June, 2002.
- Fawcett, A., Trostle, J and Ward, S., "777 Empennage Certification Approach", Presented at the 11th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-11), Australia, 14-18 July, 1997.
- Edwin L. Fasanella and Karen E. Jackson., "Impact Testing and Simulation of a Crashworthy Composite Fuselage Section with Energy-Absorbing Seats and Dummies", NASA/TM-2002-211731, ARL-TR- 2734, U. S. Army Research Laboratory Vehicle Technology Directorate Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, American Helicopter Society 58th Annual Forum, Montreal, Canada, 11-13 June, 2002.
- Karen E. Jackson and Edwin 1. Fasanella., "Crashworthy Evaluation of a 1/5-Scale Model Composite Fuselage Concept", NASA/TM-1999-209132, ARLMR- 441, U. S. Army Research Laboratory Vehicle Technology Center Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, April, 1999
- Fasanella, L., Karen E. Jackson and Edwin., "Test- Analysis Correlation of a Crash Simulation of a Vertical Drop Test of a Commuter-Class Aircraft", Conference Proceedings, Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center, June, 2008.
- Wiggenraad, J. F. M., Michielsen D. Santoro, A.L.P.J., Lepage, F., Kindervater, C and Beltran., "Development of a Crashworthy Composite Fuselage Structure for a Commuter Aircraft", The Netherlands, CEAT, 2000.
References
Backman, B.F., "Compisite Structures, Design, Safety and Innovation", Elsevier 2005.
Liyong Tong., Adrian P. Mouritz and Michael K. Bannister., "3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites", Elsevier, 2002.
Dorey G., "Damage Tolerance and Damaged Assessment in Advanced Composites, in Advanced Composites", Ed. Partridge, K., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Chapter 11, 1989.
Caprino G., "Residual Strength Predicted in Impacted CFRP Laminates", J. Comp. Mat., 18508-518, 1984.
Billaut F and Roussel, O., "Impact Resistance of 3-D Graphite/epoxy Composites", Proceddings of the 11th International Conference on Comp. Mat., Vol.5, Ed. A. Pourartip and K. Street Whistler, BC, Canada, 14-18 August 1995, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, pp.551-558.
Guenon V.A., Chou, T. -W and Gillespie, J.W., "Toughness Properties of a Three Dimensional Carbon- epoxy Composite", J. Mat Sci., 24:4168-4175, 1989.
Liu, C.H., Byan, J and Chou, T. -W., "Mode I1 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Three-dimensional Textile Structural Composites", Proceedings of the Fourth Japan-US Conference on Composite Materials, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA, 98 1-990, 1989.
Arendts, F. J., Drechler, K and Brandt, J., "Advanced Textile Structural Composites - Status and Outlook", Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials, Ed. T.Chandra and A.K. Dhingra, 409-416, 1993.
John Arthur Jones Vinchery., "Reinforcement of Composite Aircraft Structures Using Tufting", M.Sc Thesis, 2006-07, Cranfield University.
Cartié, D. D. R., Dell’anno, G., Poulin. E. and Partridge, I. K., "3D Reinforcement of Stiffener-to-skin T-joints by Zpinnig and Tufting", Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol.73, pp.2532-3540, 2006.
Chang, C and Young, W., "Experimental Investigation on Blade-stiffener-to-skin Fibre Stitching", AIAA Journal, Vol.34, Issue 9, pp.1664-1666, 1995.
NationaalLucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium NLR, Netherlands, NLR Annual Report, 2009.
AUTOW: Automated Preform Fabrication by Dry Tow Placement - NLR, January, 2009.
Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) - Part 25, "Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes", Available online.
FAA Advisory Circular 20-107A, Composite Aircraft Structure, 1984.
FAA Advisory Circular 25.571-1 (Revision C), Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation of Structure, 1998.
Composite Materials Handbook, MIL-HDBK-17- 3F, Vol.3, "Polymer Matrix Composites Materials usage, Design and Analysis", June, 2002.
Fawcett, A., Trostle, J and Ward, S., "777 Empennage Certification Approach", Presented at the 11th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-11), Australia, 14-18 July, 1997.
Edwin L. Fasanella and Karen E. Jackson., "Impact Testing and Simulation of a Crashworthy Composite Fuselage Section with Energy-Absorbing Seats and Dummies", NASA/TM-2002-211731, ARL-TR- 2734, U. S. Army Research Laboratory Vehicle Technology Directorate Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, American Helicopter Society 58th Annual Forum, Montreal, Canada, 11-13 June, 2002.
Karen E. Jackson and Edwin 1. Fasanella., "Crashworthy Evaluation of a 1/5-Scale Model Composite Fuselage Concept", NASA/TM-1999-209132, ARLMR- 441, U. S. Army Research Laboratory Vehicle Technology Center Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, April, 1999
Fasanella, L., Karen E. Jackson and Edwin., "Test- Analysis Correlation of a Crash Simulation of a Vertical Drop Test of a Commuter-Class Aircraft", Conference Proceedings, Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center, June, 2008.
Wiggenraad, J. F. M., Michielsen D. Santoro, A.L.P.J., Lepage, F., Kindervater, C and Beltran., "Development of a Crashworthy Composite Fuselage Structure for a Commuter Aircraft", The Netherlands, CEAT, 2000.