Main Article Content
Abstract
Improving the damage tolerance of a composite is identified as a key goal for future developments. A change in emphasis is suggested with a move away from the philosophy of improving performance by increasing the resistance of the laminate to damage formation, which should be accompanied by attempts to control the nature of damage such that energy can be absorbed through cracking in a way that is not deleterious to the final properties of the structure.
Different strategies are proposed to achieve this, consisting of specific attempts to maximise the resistance of the laminate to damage growth by improving interlaminar toughness, GI (prop) or by introducing new architecture into the composite such that the nature of damage is modified. Examples are provided of the use of interlaminar veils, 3D textile forms and the use of specific fiber hybridisation to facilitate the improved resistance to crack propagation.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Ahmadnia, A., Daniel, L and Hogg, P. J., "The Effect of Secondary Through-thickness Stitching on Damage and Energy Absorption in Glass and Carbon Fiber Laminates", Fracture and Damage Mechanics, Ed. M. H. Aliabadi., Queen Mary and Westfield College, ISBN 0 904188 54X, 1990, pp.489-503.
- Argon, A. S., Cohen, R.E., in Kausch, H.H. (Ed.), Crazing in Polymers, p.301, Springer.
- "Test Method Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-weight Impact Event", American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1990, ASTM, D 7136, p.301
- Bascom, W. D., Bitner, J. L., Moulton, R. J. and Siebert, A. R., "The Interlaminar Fracture of Organic- matrix, Woven Reinforcement Composites", Composites, 11(1), 1980, pp.9-18.
- Bibo. G.A., Hogg, P.J., Backhouse, R. and Mills, A., "Carbon Fiber Non-crimp Fabric Laminates for Cost Effective Damage Tolerant Structures", Composites Science and Technology, 58, 1998, pp.129-143.
- Boeing, Materials specification BMS 8-276.
- Cauchi Savona S., "Energy Absorbing Composites for Crash Energy Management", Ph.D Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005.
- Davy, G., Hashemi, S and Kinloch, A. J., "The Fracture of a Rubber-modified Epoxy Polymer Containing Through-thickness and Surface Cracks", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 9 (2), 1989, pp.69-76
- Det Norske Veritas, A.S., "Future Perspectives for Design and Testing of Wind Turbine Blades", "A White Paper on a Rational Approach to Defects and Damage Tolerance", Det Norske Veritas AS, Report No. WTDK - 6022. (http://www.dnv.us / binaries / damage_tolerance-white_paper_2008_tcm153-29 5072.pdf), 2008.
- Di Pasquale, G., Motto, O., Rocca A., Carter, J. T., McGrail, P. T and Acierno, D., "New High-performance Thermoplastic Toughened Epoxy Thermosets", Polymer, 38 (17), 1997, pp.4345-4348.
- Hogg, P. J., Ahmadnia, A and Guild, F. J., "The Mechanical Properties of Non-crimped Fabric-based Composites", Composites, 24, 1993, pp.423-432.
- Hogg, P. J., "Toughening of Thermosetting Composites with Thermoplastic Fibers", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol.412, No.1-2, pp.97-103.
- Hogg, P. J., Kuwata, M., Jamshidi, M., Hjadaei, A and Teztzis, D., "The Potential for Improved Durability in Vacuum Infused Composites by the Use of Interlayer Veils", Compo 2010, Harbin, China, 2010.
- Hull, D and Shi, Y. B., "Damage Mechanism Characterization in Composite Damage Tolerance Investigations", Composite Structures, 23, 1993, pp.99-120.
- Iqbal, K., Khan, S. U., Munir, A and Kim, J. K., "Impact Damage Resistance of CFRP with Nanoclay- filled Epoxy Matrix", Composites Science and Technology, 69 (11-12), 2009, pp.1949-1957.
- Kuwata, M., "Mechanisms of Interlaminar Fracture tOughness Using Non-woven Veils as Interleaf Materials", Ph.D Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010.
- Naik, R. A and Logan, C. P., "Damage Resistant Materials for Aeroengine Applications", AIAA Paper 99-1370, 40th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials (SDM) Conference, St. Louis, MO, 1999.
- Michler, G. H., "Determination of the Morphology and Mechanical Microprocesses in Polymer Combi- nations by Electron Microscopy", Polymer, 27, 1986, pp.323-328.
- Prichard, J. C and Hogg, P. J., "The Role of Impact Damage in Post-impact Compression Testing", Composites, 21, 1990, pp.503-511.
- Potluri, P., Sharif, T., Jetavat, D., Hogg, P. J and Foreman, A., "Benchmarking of 3D Preforming Strategies", International Conference on Composite Materials ICCM17, Edinburgh, Jul 2009, IOM3.
- Potluri, P., Hogg, P. J., Arshad, M., Jetavat, D and Jamshidi, P., "Influence of Fiber Architecture on Damage Tolerance in 3D Woven Composites", Deformation and Fracture of Composites (DFC-11), Cambridge, April, 2011.
- Saito, H and Kimpara, I., "Evaluation of Impact Damage Mechanism of Multi-axial Stitched CFRP Laminate", Compos Part A, 37, 2006, pp.2226- 2235.
- Shyr, T. W and Pan, Y. H., "Impact Resistance and Damage Characteristics of Composite Laminates", Composite Structures, 62, 2003, pp.193-203.
- Sun, C. T and Norman, T, L., "Design of a Laminated Composite with Controlled-damage Concept", Composites Science and Technology, 39 (4), 1990, pp.327-340.
- Wong, W. Y., Lin, L., McGrail, P. T., Peijs, T and Hogg, P. J., "Improved Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Laminates Using, Dissolvable tHermoplastic Fibers", Composites Part A, 41, 2010, pp.759-767.
References
Ahmadnia, A., Daniel, L and Hogg, P. J., "The Effect of Secondary Through-thickness Stitching on Damage and Energy Absorption in Glass and Carbon Fiber Laminates", Fracture and Damage Mechanics, Ed. M. H. Aliabadi., Queen Mary and Westfield College, ISBN 0 904188 54X, 1990, pp.489-503.
Argon, A. S., Cohen, R.E., in Kausch, H.H. (Ed.), Crazing in Polymers, p.301, Springer.
"Test Method Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-weight Impact Event", American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1990, ASTM, D 7136, p.301
Bascom, W. D., Bitner, J. L., Moulton, R. J. and Siebert, A. R., "The Interlaminar Fracture of Organic- matrix, Woven Reinforcement Composites", Composites, 11(1), 1980, pp.9-18.
Bibo. G.A., Hogg, P.J., Backhouse, R. and Mills, A., "Carbon Fiber Non-crimp Fabric Laminates for Cost Effective Damage Tolerant Structures", Composites Science and Technology, 58, 1998, pp.129-143.
Boeing, Materials specification BMS 8-276.
Cauchi Savona S., "Energy Absorbing Composites for Crash Energy Management", Ph.D Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005.
Davy, G., Hashemi, S and Kinloch, A. J., "The Fracture of a Rubber-modified Epoxy Polymer Containing Through-thickness and Surface Cracks", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 9 (2), 1989, pp.69-76
Det Norske Veritas, A.S., "Future Perspectives for Design and Testing of Wind Turbine Blades", "A White Paper on a Rational Approach to Defects and Damage Tolerance", Det Norske Veritas AS, Report No. WTDK - 6022. (http://www.dnv.us / binaries / damage_tolerance-white_paper_2008_tcm153-29 5072.pdf), 2008.
Di Pasquale, G., Motto, O., Rocca A., Carter, J. T., McGrail, P. T and Acierno, D., "New High-performance Thermoplastic Toughened Epoxy Thermosets", Polymer, 38 (17), 1997, pp.4345-4348.
Hogg, P. J., Ahmadnia, A and Guild, F. J., "The Mechanical Properties of Non-crimped Fabric-based Composites", Composites, 24, 1993, pp.423-432.
Hogg, P. J., "Toughening of Thermosetting Composites with Thermoplastic Fibers", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol.412, No.1-2, pp.97-103.
Hogg, P. J., Kuwata, M., Jamshidi, M., Hjadaei, A and Teztzis, D., "The Potential for Improved Durability in Vacuum Infused Composites by the Use of Interlayer Veils", Compo 2010, Harbin, China, 2010.
Hull, D and Shi, Y. B., "Damage Mechanism Characterization in Composite Damage Tolerance Investigations", Composite Structures, 23, 1993, pp.99-120.
Iqbal, K., Khan, S. U., Munir, A and Kim, J. K., "Impact Damage Resistance of CFRP with Nanoclay- filled Epoxy Matrix", Composites Science and Technology, 69 (11-12), 2009, pp.1949-1957.
Kuwata, M., "Mechanisms of Interlaminar Fracture tOughness Using Non-woven Veils as Interleaf Materials", Ph.D Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010.
Naik, R. A and Logan, C. P., "Damage Resistant Materials for Aeroengine Applications", AIAA Paper 99-1370, 40th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials (SDM) Conference, St. Louis, MO, 1999.
Michler, G. H., "Determination of the Morphology and Mechanical Microprocesses in Polymer Combi- nations by Electron Microscopy", Polymer, 27, 1986, pp.323-328.
Prichard, J. C and Hogg, P. J., "The Role of Impact Damage in Post-impact Compression Testing", Composites, 21, 1990, pp.503-511.
Potluri, P., Sharif, T., Jetavat, D., Hogg, P. J and Foreman, A., "Benchmarking of 3D Preforming Strategies", International Conference on Composite Materials ICCM17, Edinburgh, Jul 2009, IOM3.
Potluri, P., Hogg, P. J., Arshad, M., Jetavat, D and Jamshidi, P., "Influence of Fiber Architecture on Damage Tolerance in 3D Woven Composites", Deformation and Fracture of Composites (DFC-11), Cambridge, April, 2011.
Saito, H and Kimpara, I., "Evaluation of Impact Damage Mechanism of Multi-axial Stitched CFRP Laminate", Compos Part A, 37, 2006, pp.2226- 2235.
Shyr, T. W and Pan, Y. H., "Impact Resistance and Damage Characteristics of Composite Laminates", Composite Structures, 62, 2003, pp.193-203.
Sun, C. T and Norman, T, L., "Design of a Laminated Composite with Controlled-damage Concept", Composites Science and Technology, 39 (4), 1990, pp.327-340.
Wong, W. Y., Lin, L., McGrail, P. T., Peijs, T and Hogg, P. J., "Improved Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Laminates Using, Dissolvable tHermoplastic Fibers", Composites Part A, 41, 2010, pp.759-767.