Main Article Content

Abstract

Translaminar reinforcements (TLR) are effective means of improving the interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated fiber composites. The three methods to provide such reinforcements are: stitching, z-pinning and three-dimensional weaving. Although TLR are effective in improving the interlaminar fracture toughness, there is an optimum amount of reinforcement that can be provided to a given laminated structure. Excessive reinforcement may weaken the laminate. On the other hand weak reinforcements could be detrimental as they could lead to lowering the stiffness of the structure as the crack propagates. In this paper we review some of the analytical, numerical and experimental methods used to understand the effectiveness of TLR.

Keywords

Composite Laminates, Delamination, Interlaminar Fracture, Stitching, Z-Pinning.

Article Details

How to Cite
Song, M., & Sankar, B. (2023). Translaminar Reinforcements in Fiber Composites. Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, 65(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.61653/joast.v65i1.2013.424

References

  1. Sharma, S.K. and Sankar, D.V., "Effects of Through-the-Thickness Stitching on Impact and Interlaminar Fracture Properties of Textile Graphite/Epoxy Laminates", NASA Contractor Report 195042, 1995.
  2. Sharma, S.K. and Sankar, B.V., "Mode II Delamination Toughness of Stitched Graphite/Epoxy Textile Composites", Composites Science and Technology, 57(7), 1997, pp.729-737.
  3. Sharma, S.K. and Sankar, B.V., "Effect of Stitching on Impact and Interlaminar Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Laminates", J. Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 10(3), 1997, pp.241-253.
  4. Sharma, S.K. and Sankar, B.V., "Sublaminate Buckling and Compression Strength of Stitched Uniweave Graphite / Epoxy Laminates", J. Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 16(5), 1997, pp.425-434.
  5. Chen, L., Sankar, B.V. and Ifju, P.G., "A New Mode I Fracture Test for Composites with Translaminar Reinforcements", Composites Science and Technology, 62, 2002, pp.1407-1414.
  6. Chen, L., Sankar, B.V. and Ifju, P.G., "Analysis of Mode I and Mode II Tests for Composites with Translaminar Reinforcements", Journal of Composite Materials, 39(15), 2005, pp.1311-1333.
  7. Chen, L., Sankar, B.V. and Ifju, P.G., "Application of Moire Interferometry for Mode II Testing of Stitched Composites", Journal of ASTM International, Vol.1, No.3 Paper ID JAI-11907, 2004.
  8. Chen, L., Ifju, P.G. and Sankar, B.V., "A Novel Double Cantilever Beam Test for Stitched Composite Laminates", J. Composite Materials, 35(13), 2001, pp.1137-1149.
  9. Rys, T., Sankar, B.V. and Ifju, P.G., "Investigation of Fracture Toughness of Laminated Stitched Composites Subjected to Mixed Mode Loading", Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 29(3), 2010, pp.422-430.
  10. Sankar, B. V. and Dharmapuri, S. M., "Analysis of a Stitched Double Cantilever Beam", Journal of Composite Materials, 32, 1998, pp.2204-2225.
  11. Sankar, B.V. and Zhu, H., "Effect of Stitching on the Low-velocity Impact Response of Delaminated Composite Beams", Composites Science and Technology, 60, 2000, pp.2681-2691.
  12. Song, M.C., Sankar, B.V., Subhash, G. and Yen, C.F., "An Analytical Non-Dimensional Model for Mode I Delamination of Z-Pinned Composites", Proceedings of the American Society for Composites: Twenty-Fifth Technical Conference, Dayton, OH, September 20-22, 2010, American Society for Composites, 2010, CD-ROM-11, pp.20.
  13. Song, M.C., Sankar, B.V., Subhash, G. and Yen, C.F., "Analysis of Mode I Delamination of Z-Pinned Composites Using a Non-Dimensional Analytical Model", Composites: Part B, 43, 2012, pp.1776-1784.
  14. Jang, Insik. and Sankar, B.V., "Analysis of a Composite Double Cantilever Beam with Stitched Reinforcements Under Mixed Mode Loading: Formulation (I)", J. of Mechanical Science and Technology, (19)2, 2005, pp.567-577.
  15. Wallace, B.T., Sankar, B.V. and Ifju, P.G., "Pin Reinforcement of Delaminated Sandwich Beams Under Axial Compression", J. Sandwich Structures and Materials, 3(2), 2001, pp.117-129.
  16. Dee, A.T., Vinson, J.R. and Sankar, B.V., "Effects of Through-thickness Stitching on High Strain Rate Compressive Properties of a Graphite/Epoxy Composite", AIAA Journal, 39(1), 2001, pp.126-133.
  17. Walter, T.R., Subhash, G., Sankar, B.V. and Yen, C.F., "Monotonic and Cyclic Short Beam Shear Response of 3D Woven Composites", Composites Science and Technology, (in press), 2010.
  18. Rao, M.P., Sankar, B.V. and Subhash, G., "Effect of Z-Yarns on the Stiffness and Strength of Three-Dimensional Woven Composites", Composites Part B, 40, 2009, pp.540-551.
  19. Walter, T.R., Subhash, G., Sankar, B.V. and Yen, C.F., "Damage Modes in 3D Glass Fiber Epoxy Woven Composites Under High Rate of Impact Loading", Composites Part B, 40, 2009, pp.584-589.
  20. Sankar, B. V. and Sonik, V., "Pointwise Energy Release Rate in Delaminated Plates", AIAA 33, 1995, pp.1312-1318.
  21. Cartie, D. D. R., "Effect of Z-fibresTM on the Delamination Behaviour of Carbon-Fibre/Epoxy Laminates", Ph.D Thesis, Cranfield University, UK, 2000.
  22. Dantuluri, V., Maiti, S., Geubelle, P. H., Patel, R. and Kilic, H., "Cohesive Modeling of Delamination in Z-pin Reinforced Composite Laminates", Composite Science and Technology, 67, 2007, pp.616-631.
  23. Grassi, M. and Zhang, X., "Finite Element Analyses of Mode I Interlaminar Delamination in Z-fibre Reinforced Composite Laminates", Composite Science and Technology, 63, 2003, pp.1815-1832.
  24. Davila, C. G., Camanho, P. P. and Turon, A., "Cohesive Elements for Shells", NASA-TP-2007-214869, 2007.
  25. Reeder, J.R. and Crews, J.R., "Mixed-Mode Bending Method for Delamination Testing", AIAA Journal, 28(7), 1990, pp.1270-1276.
  26. Davidson, B.D., Sediles, F.O. and Humphreys, K.D., "A Shear-torsion-bending Test for Mixed-mode I-II-III Delamination Toughness Determination", Proceedings of the American Society for Composites: Twenty-Fifth Technical Conference, Dayton, OH, September 20-22, 2010, American Society for Composites, CD-ROM11, pp. 20.