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Abstract
Despite the significant advances in Computational Aeroacoustics for predicting jet noise, there is still a considerable need for experimental data. However, traditional measures of the directivity of Overall Sound Pressure Levels or the spectral distribution of the acoustic energy yield limited understanding of the nature of the sources. There is hence a need to use different approaches to the analysis of jet acoustics, among them applications of statistical methods such as auto correlation, self-correlation etc to understand the noise sources. In this paper, the acoustic characteristics of supersonic and high subsonic jets from nozzles of different exit geometries are measured and analyzed using these methods. The results show that these statistical methods of analysis can reveal the presence of two distinct noise sources in the flow and are applicable to both subsonic and supersonic flows. The information can be used to determine the appropriate model for the data and is useful for forming new theories about the noise generation mechanism in turbulent jets.
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References
- Tam, C. K. W., "Jet Noise: Since 1952", Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, 10, pp.393-405, 1998.
- Lighthill, M. J., "On Sound Generated Aerodynamically I. General Theory". Proc. R Soc. London, A 211, pp.564-587,1952.
- Lighthill, M. J., "On Sound Generated Aerodynamically II. Turbulence as a Source of Sound". Proc. R.
- Soc. London, A 222, pp.1-32, 1954.
- Lilley, G. M., "On the Noise from Jets", AGARD CP-131, 1974
- Goldstein, M. E., "A Generalized Acoustic Analogy", J. Fluid Mech. 488, pp.315-333, J. Sound Vib., 50, pp.405-428, 2003.
- Davies, P. O. A. L., Fisher, M. J. and Barratt, M. J., "The Characteristics of the Turbulence in the Mixing Region of a Round Jet", J. Fluid Mech., 15, pp.337367, 1963.
- Bradshaw, P., Ferriss, D. H. and Johnson, R. F., "Turbulence in the Noise Producing Region of a Circular Jet", J. Fluid Mech., 19, pp.591-624, 1964.
- Tanna, H. K., "An experimental Study of Jet Noise Part II: Shock Associated Noise", J. Sound Vib., 50, pp.429-444, 1977.
- Viswanathan, K., "Aeroacoustics of Hot Jets", J. Fluid Mech., 516, pp.39-82, 2004.
- Viswanathan, K., Shur, M. L., Spalart, P. R. and Strelets, M. Kh., "Comparisons Between Experiment and Large-Eddy Simulation for Jet Noise", AIAA Journal, Vol. 45, No. 8, 2007.
- Tam, C. K. W., "Supersonic Jet Noise, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 27, pp.17-43, 1975.
- Powell, A., "On the Mechanism of Choked Jet Noise", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 66 (408B), pp.1039-1056, 1953.
- Raman, G., "Supersonic Jet Screech: Half-century from Powell to the Present", Journal of Sound and Vibration, 225 (3), pp.543-571, 1999.
- Panda, J., "An Experimental Investigation of Screech Noise Generation", J. Fluid Mech., Vol.378, pp.7196, 1999.
- Shen, H. and Tam, C.K.W., "The Effects of Jet Temperature and Nozzle Lip Thickness on Screech Tones", AIAA Journal, Vol.38, No.5, pp.762-767, February 2000.
- Norum, T.D., "Screech Suppression in Supersonic Jets", AIAA Journal, Vol.21, pp.235-240, February 1983.
- Laufer, J,, Schlinker, R. and Kaplan, R.E., "Experiments on Supersonic Jet Noise", AIAA Journal, 14(4), pp.489-497, 1976.
- Tam. C.K.W., Pastouchenko, N. and Schlinker, R.H., "On the Two Sources of Supersonic Jet Noise", AIAA 2003-3163, 9th AIAAJCEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit (24th AJAA Aeroacoustics Conference), May 2003.
- Hileman J. and Samimy, M., "An attempt to Identify Noise Generating Turbulent Structures in High Speed Axisymmetric Jet", AIAA-2000-2020, 6th AIAAJCEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit
- (21st AJAA Aeroacoustics Conference), June 2000.
- Tam, C.K.W., "Jet Noise: Since 1952", Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 10(1-4),
- pp.393-405, January 1998.
- Powell, A., "On the Mechanism of Choked Jet Noise", Proceedings of the Physical Society, B 66
- (408). pp.1039-1056, R. Soc. London, A 211, pp.564 587, December 1953.
- Tam, C.K.W., "Jet Noise Generated by Large-scale Coherent Motion", In Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles: Theory and Practice, Vol.1: Noise Sources (ed. H. H. Hubbard), pp.311-390, NASA RP-1258,
- WRDC TR-90-3052, 1991.
- Nance, D.K., "Separating Contributions of SmallScale Turbulence, Large-Scale Turbulence, and Core
- Noise from Far-Field Exhaust Noise Measurement", Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
- Tam, C.K.W., Vishwanathan, K., Ahuja, K. and Panda, J., "The Sources of Jet Noise: Experimental
- Evidence", AIAA 2007-3641, 13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 28th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference.
References
Tam, C. K. W., "Jet Noise: Since 1952", Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, 10, pp.393-405, 1998.
Lighthill, M. J., "On Sound Generated Aerodynamically I. General Theory". Proc. R Soc. London, A 211, pp.564-587,1952.
Lighthill, M. J., "On Sound Generated Aerodynamically II. Turbulence as a Source of Sound". Proc. R.
Soc. London, A 222, pp.1-32, 1954.
Lilley, G. M., "On the Noise from Jets", AGARD CP-131, 1974
Goldstein, M. E., "A Generalized Acoustic Analogy", J. Fluid Mech. 488, pp.315-333, J. Sound Vib., 50, pp.405-428, 2003.
Davies, P. O. A. L., Fisher, M. J. and Barratt, M. J., "The Characteristics of the Turbulence in the Mixing Region of a Round Jet", J. Fluid Mech., 15, pp.337367, 1963.
Bradshaw, P., Ferriss, D. H. and Johnson, R. F., "Turbulence in the Noise Producing Region of a Circular Jet", J. Fluid Mech., 19, pp.591-624, 1964.
Tanna, H. K., "An experimental Study of Jet Noise Part II: Shock Associated Noise", J. Sound Vib., 50, pp.429-444, 1977.
Viswanathan, K., "Aeroacoustics of Hot Jets", J. Fluid Mech., 516, pp.39-82, 2004.
Viswanathan, K., Shur, M. L., Spalart, P. R. and Strelets, M. Kh., "Comparisons Between Experiment and Large-Eddy Simulation for Jet Noise", AIAA Journal, Vol. 45, No. 8, 2007.
Tam, C. K. W., "Supersonic Jet Noise, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 27, pp.17-43, 1975.
Powell, A., "On the Mechanism of Choked Jet Noise", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 66 (408B), pp.1039-1056, 1953.
Raman, G., "Supersonic Jet Screech: Half-century from Powell to the Present", Journal of Sound and Vibration, 225 (3), pp.543-571, 1999.
Panda, J., "An Experimental Investigation of Screech Noise Generation", J. Fluid Mech., Vol.378, pp.7196, 1999.
Shen, H. and Tam, C.K.W., "The Effects of Jet Temperature and Nozzle Lip Thickness on Screech Tones", AIAA Journal, Vol.38, No.5, pp.762-767, February 2000.
Norum, T.D., "Screech Suppression in Supersonic Jets", AIAA Journal, Vol.21, pp.235-240, February 1983.
Laufer, J,, Schlinker, R. and Kaplan, R.E., "Experiments on Supersonic Jet Noise", AIAA Journal, 14(4), pp.489-497, 1976.
Tam. C.K.W., Pastouchenko, N. and Schlinker, R.H., "On the Two Sources of Supersonic Jet Noise", AIAA 2003-3163, 9th AIAAJCEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit (24th AJAA Aeroacoustics Conference), May 2003.
Hileman J. and Samimy, M., "An attempt to Identify Noise Generating Turbulent Structures in High Speed Axisymmetric Jet", AIAA-2000-2020, 6th AIAAJCEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit
(21st AJAA Aeroacoustics Conference), June 2000.
Tam, C.K.W., "Jet Noise: Since 1952", Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 10(1-4),
pp.393-405, January 1998.
Powell, A., "On the Mechanism of Choked Jet Noise", Proceedings of the Physical Society, B 66
(408). pp.1039-1056, R. Soc. London, A 211, pp.564 587, December 1953.
Tam, C.K.W., "Jet Noise Generated by Large-scale Coherent Motion", In Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles: Theory and Practice, Vol.1: Noise Sources (ed. H. H. Hubbard), pp.311-390, NASA RP-1258,
WRDC TR-90-3052, 1991.
Nance, D.K., "Separating Contributions of SmallScale Turbulence, Large-Scale Turbulence, and Core
Noise from Far-Field Exhaust Noise Measurement", Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Tam, C.K.W., Vishwanathan, K., Ahuja, K. and Panda, J., "The Sources of Jet Noise: Experimental
Evidence", AIAA 2007-3641, 13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 28th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference.