Main Article Content
Abstract
System identification is fundamental to modeling of any observed dynamic process. This overview presentation brings out why and what system identification is as applied to flight vehicles. A historical background is briefly provided, tracing the developments to the 18th Century and early flight experiments in 1920s. Transition from classical to modern methods is brought out, highlighting the unified Quad-M approach to flight vehicle system identification that has evolved over the last three decades. Various aspects of kinematic consistency checking of recorded flight data and typical problems encountered are covered in detail. This is followed by several advanced examples pertaining to aerodynamic databases, covering (1) modeling at extreme flight conditions of large sideslip angles and stall hysteresis, (2) proof-of-match for critical flight phases, and (3) Phoenix RLV demonstrator. At the end, re-emerging aspects of recursive parameter estimation are briefly presented. The paper is concluded by indicating the possible future directions of work.
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References
- Hamel, P. G. and Jategaonkar, R. V., "Evolution of Flight Vehicle System Identification," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.33, No.1, Jan.-Feb. 1996, pp. 9-28.
- Gauss, K. F., "Theoria Motus", 1809; Also: "Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving About the Sun in Conic Section", Dover, NY, 1963.
- Bernoulli, D., "The Most Probable Choice Between Several Discrepant Observations and the Formation There from of the Most Likely Induction", Acta. Acad. Petrop., 1777, pp. 3-33. English Translation: M. G. Kendall, ‘Daniel Bernoulli on Maximum Likelihood’ in Biometrika, Vol. 48, No.1, 1961, pp.1-18.
- Fisher, R. A., "On an Absolute Criterion for Fitting Frequency Curves", Messenger Math., Vol.41, 1912, pp.155-160.
- Iliff, K. W., "Parameter Estimation for Flight Vehicles", Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol.12, No.5, Sept - Oct. 1989, pp.609-622.
- Norton, F. H., "The Measurement of the Damping in Roll on a JN4h in Flight", NACA Report 167, 1923.
- Jategaonkar, R. V., Fischenberg, D. and von Gruenhagen, W., "Aerodynamic Modeling and System Identification from Flight Data - Recent Applications at DLR," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.41, No.4, July-Aug.2004, pp.681-691.
- Wang, K. C. and Iliff, K. W., "Retrospective and Recent Examples of Aircraft Parameter Identification at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.41, No.4, July-Aug 2004, pp.752-764.
- Jategaonkar, R. V. and Thielecke, F., "Parameter Estimation Methods for Unstable Aircraft", Journal of Aircraft, Vol.31, No.3, May-June 1994, pp.510-519.
- Parameswaran, V., Jategaonkar, R. V. and Press, M., "Calibration of Five-Hole Probe for Flow Angles from Dynamic and Tower Fly-By Maneuvers," AIAA Paper AIAA-2002-4627, Aug. 2002; Tentatively scheduled for publication in Journal of Aircraft, Vol.42, No.1, Jan-Feb 2005.
- DeLeo, R. V. and Hagen, F. W., "Flight Calibration of Aircraft Static Pressure Systems", Armed Services Technical Information Agency Publication, AD650146, 1966.
- Hui, K., Srinivasan R. and Baillie, S., "Simultaneous Calibration of Aircraft Position Error and Airflow Angles Using Differential GPS", Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, Dec. 1996, pp.185-193.
- Eglinger, E. and Jategaonkar, R. V., "Modeling and Identification of Large Sideslip Effects From Flight Experiments," AIAA Paper AIAA-2004-4827, August 2004.
- Jategaonkar, R. V., "Identification of the Aerodynamic Model of the DLR Research Aircraft ATTAS from Flight Test Data", DLR-FB 90-40, July 1990.
- Goman, M. and Khrabrov, A., "State-Space Representation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Aircraft at High Angles of Attack," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 31, No. 5, 1994, pp.1109-1115.
- Fischenberg, D., "Identification of an Unsteady Aerodynamic Stall Model from Flight Test Data,"AIAA Paper 95-3438, Aug. 1995.
- Anon., "Airplane Simulator Qualification," Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, USA, Advisory Circular AC-120-40C, Jan. 1995.
- Jategaonkar, R. V. and Moennich, W., "Identification of DO-328 Aerodynamic Database for a Level D Flight Simulator," AIAA Paper 97-3729, Aug.1997.
- Weiss, S., Gockel, W., Moennich, W. and Rohlf, D., "Identification of Dornier-328 Reversible Flight Control Systems," AIAA Paper 98-4163, Aug.1998.
- Gockel, W., Kyr, P., Janovsky, R., and Roenneke, A., "Reusable RLV Demonstrator Vehicles - Phoenix Flight Test Results and Perspectives," 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada, October 4 - 8, 2004, Paper No. IAC-04-V.6.04.
- Jategaonkar, R. V., Behr, R., Gockel, W. and Zorn, C., "Data Analysis of Phoenix RLV Demonstrator Flight Test," Submitted for the AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, To be held in August 2005, San Francisco, CA.
- Anon, "Mini-Issue on NASA’s Advanced Control Law Program for the F-8 DFBW Aircraft," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-22, No.5, Oct.1977, pp.752-804.
- Bauer, J. E., Crawford, D. B., Gera, J. and Andrisani, D., "Real-Time Comparison of X-29A Flight Data and Simulation Data," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.26, No. 2, Feb.1989, pp.117-123.
- Laban, M., "On-Line Aircraft Aerodynamic Model Identification," Ph. D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, May 1994, ISBN 90-6275-987-4.
- Ward, D. G., Barron, R. L., Carley, M. P. and Curtis, T. J., "Real-Time Parameter Identification for Self Designing Flight Control," Proceedings of the National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON), Dayton, OH, May 1994, Vol. 1, pp. 526-531.
- Morelli, E. A., "Real-Time Parameter Estimation in the Frequency Domain," Paper AIAA-99-4043,1999.
- Basappa. and Jategaonkar, R. V., "Evaluation of Recursive Methods for Aircraft Parameter Estimation," AIAA Paper AIAA-2004-5063, August 2004.
References
Hamel, P. G. and Jategaonkar, R. V., "Evolution of Flight Vehicle System Identification," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.33, No.1, Jan.-Feb. 1996, pp. 9-28.
Gauss, K. F., "Theoria Motus", 1809; Also: "Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving About the Sun in Conic Section", Dover, NY, 1963.
Bernoulli, D., "The Most Probable Choice Between Several Discrepant Observations and the Formation There from of the Most Likely Induction", Acta. Acad. Petrop., 1777, pp. 3-33. English Translation: M. G. Kendall, ‘Daniel Bernoulli on Maximum Likelihood’ in Biometrika, Vol. 48, No.1, 1961, pp.1-18.
Fisher, R. A., "On an Absolute Criterion for Fitting Frequency Curves", Messenger Math., Vol.41, 1912, pp.155-160.
Iliff, K. W., "Parameter Estimation for Flight Vehicles", Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol.12, No.5, Sept - Oct. 1989, pp.609-622.
Norton, F. H., "The Measurement of the Damping in Roll on a JN4h in Flight", NACA Report 167, 1923.
Jategaonkar, R. V., Fischenberg, D. and von Gruenhagen, W., "Aerodynamic Modeling and System Identification from Flight Data - Recent Applications at DLR," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.41, No.4, July-Aug.2004, pp.681-691.
Wang, K. C. and Iliff, K. W., "Retrospective and Recent Examples of Aircraft Parameter Identification at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.41, No.4, July-Aug 2004, pp.752-764.
Jategaonkar, R. V. and Thielecke, F., "Parameter Estimation Methods for Unstable Aircraft", Journal of Aircraft, Vol.31, No.3, May-June 1994, pp.510-519.
Parameswaran, V., Jategaonkar, R. V. and Press, M., "Calibration of Five-Hole Probe for Flow Angles from Dynamic and Tower Fly-By Maneuvers," AIAA Paper AIAA-2002-4627, Aug. 2002; Tentatively scheduled for publication in Journal of Aircraft, Vol.42, No.1, Jan-Feb 2005.
DeLeo, R. V. and Hagen, F. W., "Flight Calibration of Aircraft Static Pressure Systems", Armed Services Technical Information Agency Publication, AD650146, 1966.
Hui, K., Srinivasan R. and Baillie, S., "Simultaneous Calibration of Aircraft Position Error and Airflow Angles Using Differential GPS", Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, Dec. 1996, pp.185-193.
Eglinger, E. and Jategaonkar, R. V., "Modeling and Identification of Large Sideslip Effects From Flight Experiments," AIAA Paper AIAA-2004-4827, August 2004.
Jategaonkar, R. V., "Identification of the Aerodynamic Model of the DLR Research Aircraft ATTAS from Flight Test Data", DLR-FB 90-40, July 1990.
Goman, M. and Khrabrov, A., "State-Space Representation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Aircraft at High Angles of Attack," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 31, No. 5, 1994, pp.1109-1115.
Fischenberg, D., "Identification of an Unsteady Aerodynamic Stall Model from Flight Test Data,"AIAA Paper 95-3438, Aug. 1995.
Anon., "Airplane Simulator Qualification," Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, USA, Advisory Circular AC-120-40C, Jan. 1995.
Jategaonkar, R. V. and Moennich, W., "Identification of DO-328 Aerodynamic Database for a Level D Flight Simulator," AIAA Paper 97-3729, Aug.1997.
Weiss, S., Gockel, W., Moennich, W. and Rohlf, D., "Identification of Dornier-328 Reversible Flight Control Systems," AIAA Paper 98-4163, Aug.1998.
Gockel, W., Kyr, P., Janovsky, R., and Roenneke, A., "Reusable RLV Demonstrator Vehicles - Phoenix Flight Test Results and Perspectives," 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada, October 4 - 8, 2004, Paper No. IAC-04-V.6.04.
Jategaonkar, R. V., Behr, R., Gockel, W. and Zorn, C., "Data Analysis of Phoenix RLV Demonstrator Flight Test," Submitted for the AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, To be held in August 2005, San Francisco, CA.
Anon, "Mini-Issue on NASA’s Advanced Control Law Program for the F-8 DFBW Aircraft," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-22, No.5, Oct.1977, pp.752-804.
Bauer, J. E., Crawford, D. B., Gera, J. and Andrisani, D., "Real-Time Comparison of X-29A Flight Data and Simulation Data," Journal of Aircraft, Vol.26, No. 2, Feb.1989, pp.117-123.
Laban, M., "On-Line Aircraft Aerodynamic Model Identification," Ph. D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, May 1994, ISBN 90-6275-987-4.
Ward, D. G., Barron, R. L., Carley, M. P. and Curtis, T. J., "Real-Time Parameter Identification for Self Designing Flight Control," Proceedings of the National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON), Dayton, OH, May 1994, Vol. 1, pp. 526-531.
Morelli, E. A., "Real-Time Parameter Estimation in the Frequency Domain," Paper AIAA-99-4043,1999.
Basappa. and Jategaonkar, R. V., "Evaluation of Recursive Methods for Aircraft Parameter Estimation," AIAA Paper AIAA-2004-5063, August 2004.