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Abstract
Cloud formation was seen around the heatshield region in the transonic and low supersonic Mach number regime of PSLV flight. It is observed that the cloud formation is due to local condensation of moisture in the ambient air due to expansion of air around the heatshield and corresponding reduction in the local temperature over the heatshield in the transonic and low supersonic regime. CFD studies in conjunction with atmospheric dew point variation and flight trajectory data indicate the possibility of cloud formation around PSLV heatshield in the transonic and low supersonic regime. This type of condensation cloud in the transonic regime is known as "Prandtl-Glauert (PG) Cloud" and the condensation is also observed in the low supersonic Mach numbers. The condensation cloud formations are also observed over aircrafts.
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References
- James, F. Campbell., Joseph, R. Chambers and Christopher, L. Rumsey., "Observation of Airplane Flowfields by Natural Condensation Effects", Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 26, No. 7, 1989, pp. 593, 604.
- Peter, G. Wegener and Andrew, A. Pouring., "Experiments on Condensation of Water Vapor by Homogeneous Nucleation in Nozzles", Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1964, pp. 352, 361.
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References
James, F. Campbell., Joseph, R. Chambers and Christopher, L. Rumsey., "Observation of Airplane Flowfields by Natural Condensation Effects", Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 26, No. 7, 1989, pp. 593, 604.
Peter, G. Wegener and Andrew, A. Pouring., "Experiments on Condensation of Water Vapor by Homogeneous Nucleation in Nozzles", Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1964, pp. 352, 361.
Philip, G. Hill., "Condensation of Water Vapour During Supersonic Expansion in Nozzles", Journal of Fluid Mech., Vol. 25, Part-3, 1966, pp. 593, 620.
Perrell, E.R., Erickson, W.D. and Candler, G.V., "Numerical Simulation of Nonequilibrium Condensation in a Hypersonic Wind Tunnel", Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1996, pp. 277-283.
Gunter, H. Schnerr and Ulrich Dohrmann., "Transonic Flow Around Airfoils with Relaxation and
Energy Supply by Homogeneous Condensation", AIAA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 7, 1990, pp. 1187-1193.
Gunter, H. Schnerr and Ulrich Dohrmann., "Drag and Lift in Nonadiabatic Transonic Flow", AIAA
Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1994, pp. 101-107.
Rusak, Z. and Lee, J.C., "Numerical Studies of Transonic Flow of Moist Air Around a Thin Airfoil", 17th
AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, A99- 3189, AIAA, 1999.
Robert, M. Hall., "Onset of Condensation Effects With an NACA 0012-64 Airfoil Tested in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel", NASA TM-85940, 1984.
Bart Prast., Peter Schinkelshoek., Bart Lammers and Marco Betting., "CFD for Supersonic Gas Processing", Multiphase Separation and Multiphase Pumping Technologies Conference, Sep. 2005.
Cramer, M.S., "Condensation on the Space Shuttle", Gallery of Fluid Mechanics, URL: http :
//www.cup.org/[cited May 2005].
Cramer, M.S., "Sonic Boom, Sound Barrier, and Condensation Clouds, Prandtl-Glauert Condensation Clouds", Fluid Mechanics, URL: http://www.cup.org/[cited May 2005].
Pradeep Kumar and Ashok, V., "CFD solution of Aerodynamic Problems of Launch Vehicles", Journal of Aeronautical Society of India, Vol. 51, November 1999.