Main Article Content
Abstract
The demand for gas turbines for civil aviation is increasing continuously as the air transportation system is changing exponentially. Large fleet of commercial aircraft and large and long-haul flight have raised the demand on high thrust engines. Therefore, focus on fuel efficiency of the engines and control on exhaust gas emissions are increasing keeping in mind the economy and environmental considerations. International Civil Aviation Organization has promulgated the emission levels for civil subsonic turbojet and turbofan engines and making it more and more stringent day by day. This paper overviews various combustor technologies which have been developed over previous decades and are under development currently for present and future aircraft to meet the low emission goals.
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Article Details
References
- Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C. and Saravanamuttoo, H. I. H., Gas Turbine Theory, John Wiley and Sons, 5th Edition, 2001, Dorling Kinderslay (India) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia.
- Tony Giampaolo., "The Gas Turbine Hand Book: Principles and Practices", 2nd Edition, Fairmont Press, Inc., Lilbum, GA, USA, 2003.
- Lefebvre, A. H., Gas Turbine Combustion, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, 1998.
- Mishra, R. K. and Singh, K., "Effect of Operating Conditions on the Emission Characteristics of an Annular Combustor", Journal of Aerospace Science and Technologies, Vol.61, No.2, May, 2009, pp.305311.
- Mishra, R. K., "Aero Engine Emission Control - A Challenge", 24th National Convention of Aerospace Engineers, Institution of Engineers (India), Jaipur, India, 13-14, November 2010.
- Mellor, A. M., "Design of Modern Turbine Combustors", Academic Press, London, 1990.
- Koff, B.L., "Aircraft Gas Turbine Emission Challenges", ASME Paper 93-GT-422, 1993.
- Environmental Protection, Annex 16, No.1993, Vol.II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, Part III.
- Davis Donald, Y. and Marshall Stearns, E., "Energy Efficient Engine: Flight Propulsion System Final Design and Analysis", NASA CR-168219, 1985.
- Brad Belcher., "Rolls-Royce Cleen II Low Emission Combustion Technology", Cleen II Consortium Public Day, 8th May, 2019. https://www.faa.gov/ about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/research /aircraft_technology/cleen/2019_may_consortium.
- Olikara, C. and Borman, G.L., "A Computer Program for Calculating Properties of Equilibrium Products with Some Applications to I.C. Engines", SAE Paper 750468, 1975.
- Lefebvre, A. H. and Ballal, D. R., "Gas Turbine Combustion: Alternative Fuels and Emissions", Third Edition, Taylor and Francis, 2010.
- Mishra, R.K. and Chandel, S., "Soot Formation and its Effect in an Aero Gas Turbine Combustor", International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines, Mar 26;36 (1):61-73, 2019.Doi:10.1515/tjj-2016-0062.
- Sulphur - Reduction of Sulphur Limits in Aviation fuel Standards, EASA Report 2010.
- Sethi, V., "Overview of Gas Turbine Generated Pollutants Combustor", MSc Gas Turbine Combustion Lecture Notes, Cranfield University, 2017.
- Environmental Protection, Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Vol.II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, 3rd Edition, 2008.
- Environment Branch of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ICAO Environmental Report 2013, Technical Report, ICAO, 2013.
- IATA, Climate Change and Corsia, 2018. https://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_ sheets/ Documents/ fact-sheet-climate-change.pdf.
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- Mongia Hukam., "Aero-thermal Design and Analysis of Gas Turbine Combustion Systems-Current Status and Future Direction", 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, p.3982,1998.
- Smith, R., "Advanced Low Emissions Subsonic Combustor Study", Final Report, 1998, Lewis Research Centre, NASA/CR--1998-207931.
- Huang, Y. and Yang, V., "Bifurcation of Flame Structure in a Lean-Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Combustor: Transition from Stable to Unstable Flame Combustion and Flame", 2004, 136 383389.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_G Enx
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFM_International_ LEAP]
- https://www.geaviation.com/press/ge90/ge 90_20141120.html
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- Samuelsen Scott., "Rich Burn, Quick-Mix, Lean Burn (RQL) Combustor", The Gas Turbine Handbook, 2006, pp.227-233.
- Levy., Yeshayahou., Vladimir Erenburg., Valery Sherbaum and Igor Gaissinski., "Development of
- Combustor for a Hybrid Turbofan Engine", International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines-1, No.
- ahead-of-print, 2019.
- Kumar, P.K. Ezhil and Mishra, D. P., "Numerical Modeling of an Axisymmetric Trapped Vortex Combustor", International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines, Vol.28, No.1, 2011, pp.41-52.
- Huang Cheng., Rohan Gejji., William Anderson., Changjin Yoon and Venkateswaran Sankaran.,
- "Combustion Dynamics in a Single-Element Lean Direct Injection Gas Turbine Combustor", Combustion Science and Technology, 192, No.12, 2020, pp.2371-2398.
- Yoon Changjin., Rohan Gejji and William Anderson., "Computational Investigation of Combustion
- Dynamics in a Lean Direct Injection Gas Turbine Combustor", 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013, p.166.
- Smith, C. E. and Nickolaus, D. A., "Piloted Airblast Lean Direct Fuel Injector with Modified Air Splitter", U.S. Patent 6,986, 255, 2006-1-17.
- Crocker, D. S., Nickolaus, D. A. and Smith, C. E., "Piloted Air Blast Lean Direct Fuel Injector", U.S.
- Patent 6,272, 840. 2001-8-14.
- Lee Chi-Ming., "NASA Project Develops Next Generation Low-Emissions Combustor Technologies",
- st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition,
- , p.540.
- Liu Yize., Xiaoxiao Sun., Vishal Sethi., Devaiah Nalianda., Yi-Guang Li and Lu Wang., "Review of
- Modern Low Emissions Combustion Technologies for Aero Gas Turbine Engines", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 94, 2017, pp.12-45.
- Rao, A. G. and Levy, Y., "A New Combustion Methodology for lOw Emission Gas Turbine Engines", 8th
- HiTACG Conference, Poznan, July 2010, p.13.
- Benzakein Meyer J., "What does the Future Bring? A Look at Technologies for Commercial Aircraft in
- the Years 2035-2050", Propulsion and Power Research, 3, No.4, 2014, pp.165-174.
- Ploetner Kay, O., Raoul Rothfeld., Marcia Urban., Mirko Hornung., Gilbert Tay and OluwaferanmiOguntona., "Technological and Operational Scenarios on Aircraft Fleet-Level Towards ATAG and IATA 2050 Emission Targets", 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2017, p.3771.
- Gohardani Amir S., Georgios Doulgeris and Riti Singh., "Challenges of Future Aircraft Propulsion: A
- Review of Distributed Propulsion Technology and its Potential Application for the all Electric Commercial
- Aircraft", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 47, No.5, 2011, pp.369-391.
- Liscouet-Hanke, Susan., Arash Shafiei., Luiz Lopes and Sheldon Williamson., "Proof-of-Concept Analysis of a Supplemental Solar Power System for Aircraft", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace
- Technology, 2018.
References
Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C. and Saravanamuttoo, H. I. H., Gas Turbine Theory, John Wiley and Sons, 5th Edition, 2001, Dorling Kinderslay (India) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia.
Tony Giampaolo., "The Gas Turbine Hand Book: Principles and Practices", 2nd Edition, Fairmont Press, Inc., Lilbum, GA, USA, 2003.
Lefebvre, A. H., Gas Turbine Combustion, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, 1998.
Mishra, R. K. and Singh, K., "Effect of Operating Conditions on the Emission Characteristics of an Annular Combustor", Journal of Aerospace Science and Technologies, Vol.61, No.2, May, 2009, pp.305311.
Mishra, R. K., "Aero Engine Emission Control - A Challenge", 24th National Convention of Aerospace Engineers, Institution of Engineers (India), Jaipur, India, 13-14, November 2010.
Mellor, A. M., "Design of Modern Turbine Combustors", Academic Press, London, 1990.
Koff, B.L., "Aircraft Gas Turbine Emission Challenges", ASME Paper 93-GT-422, 1993.
Environmental Protection, Annex 16, No.1993, Vol.II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, Part III.
Davis Donald, Y. and Marshall Stearns, E., "Energy Efficient Engine: Flight Propulsion System Final Design and Analysis", NASA CR-168219, 1985.
Brad Belcher., "Rolls-Royce Cleen II Low Emission Combustion Technology", Cleen II Consortium Public Day, 8th May, 2019. https://www.faa.gov/ about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/research /aircraft_technology/cleen/2019_may_consortium.
Olikara, C. and Borman, G.L., "A Computer Program for Calculating Properties of Equilibrium Products with Some Applications to I.C. Engines", SAE Paper 750468, 1975.
Lefebvre, A. H. and Ballal, D. R., "Gas Turbine Combustion: Alternative Fuels and Emissions", Third Edition, Taylor and Francis, 2010.
Mishra, R.K. and Chandel, S., "Soot Formation and its Effect in an Aero Gas Turbine Combustor", International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines, Mar 26;36 (1):61-73, 2019.Doi:10.1515/tjj-2016-0062.
Sulphur - Reduction of Sulphur Limits in Aviation fuel Standards, EASA Report 2010.
Sethi, V., "Overview of Gas Turbine Generated Pollutants Combustor", MSc Gas Turbine Combustion Lecture Notes, Cranfield University, 2017.
Environmental Protection, Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Vol.II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, 3rd Edition, 2008.
Environment Branch of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ICAO Environmental Report 2013, Technical Report, ICAO, 2013.
IATA, Climate Change and Corsia, 2018. https://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_ sheets/ Documents/ fact-sheet-climate-change.pdf.
Daly, M., "Janes Aero-Engines", 2014-2015. Janes Information Group, March, 2014.
Mongia, H.C., GE Aviation Low Emissions Combustion Technology Evolution, available at http://www.iitk.ac.in/comb/Comb_15/Old%20We bsites/backup/PDF/Hukam%20C.%20Mongia.pdf.
Mongia Hukam., "Aero-thermal Design and Analysis of Gas Turbine Combustion Systems-Current Status and Future Direction", 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, p.3982,1998.
Smith, R., "Advanced Low Emissions Subsonic Combustor Study", Final Report, 1998, Lewis Research Centre, NASA/CR--1998-207931.
Huang, Y. and Yang, V., "Bifurcation of Flame Structure in a Lean-Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Combustor: Transition from Stable to Unstable Flame Combustion and Flame", 2004, 136 383389.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_G Enx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFM_International_ LEAP]
https://www.geaviation.com/press/ge90/ge 90_20141120.html
McKinney., Randal., Albert Cheung., William Sowa and Domingo Sepulveda., "The Pratt and Whitney Talon X Low Emissions Combustor: Revolutionary Results with Evolutionary Technology", 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 2007, p.386.
Samuelsen Scott., "Rich Burn, Quick-Mix, Lean Burn (RQL) Combustor", The Gas Turbine Handbook, 2006, pp.227-233.
Levy., Yeshayahou., Vladimir Erenburg., Valery Sherbaum and Igor Gaissinski., "Development of
Combustor for a Hybrid Turbofan Engine", International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines-1, No.
ahead-of-print, 2019.
Kumar, P.K. Ezhil and Mishra, D. P., "Numerical Modeling of an Axisymmetric Trapped Vortex Combustor", International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines, Vol.28, No.1, 2011, pp.41-52.
Huang Cheng., Rohan Gejji., William Anderson., Changjin Yoon and Venkateswaran Sankaran.,
"Combustion Dynamics in a Single-Element Lean Direct Injection Gas Turbine Combustor", Combustion Science and Technology, 192, No.12, 2020, pp.2371-2398.
Yoon Changjin., Rohan Gejji and William Anderson., "Computational Investigation of Combustion
Dynamics in a Lean Direct Injection Gas Turbine Combustor", 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013, p.166.
Smith, C. E. and Nickolaus, D. A., "Piloted Airblast Lean Direct Fuel Injector with Modified Air Splitter", U.S. Patent 6,986, 255, 2006-1-17.
Crocker, D. S., Nickolaus, D. A. and Smith, C. E., "Piloted Air Blast Lean Direct Fuel Injector", U.S.
Patent 6,272, 840. 2001-8-14.
Lee Chi-Ming., "NASA Project Develops Next Generation Low-Emissions Combustor Technologies",
st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition,
, p.540.
Liu Yize., Xiaoxiao Sun., Vishal Sethi., Devaiah Nalianda., Yi-Guang Li and Lu Wang., "Review of
Modern Low Emissions Combustion Technologies for Aero Gas Turbine Engines", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 94, 2017, pp.12-45.
Rao, A. G. and Levy, Y., "A New Combustion Methodology for lOw Emission Gas Turbine Engines", 8th
HiTACG Conference, Poznan, July 2010, p.13.
Benzakein Meyer J., "What does the Future Bring? A Look at Technologies for Commercial Aircraft in
the Years 2035-2050", Propulsion and Power Research, 3, No.4, 2014, pp.165-174.
Ploetner Kay, O., Raoul Rothfeld., Marcia Urban., Mirko Hornung., Gilbert Tay and OluwaferanmiOguntona., "Technological and Operational Scenarios on Aircraft Fleet-Level Towards ATAG and IATA 2050 Emission Targets", 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2017, p.3771.
Gohardani Amir S., Georgios Doulgeris and Riti Singh., "Challenges of Future Aircraft Propulsion: A
Review of Distributed Propulsion Technology and its Potential Application for the all Electric Commercial
Aircraft", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 47, No.5, 2011, pp.369-391.
Liscouet-Hanke, Susan., Arash Shafiei., Luiz Lopes and Sheldon Williamson., "Proof-of-Concept Analysis of a Supplemental Solar Power System for Aircraft", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace
Technology, 2018.